Best Ways of Investment

          You have always heard that your Earnings - Expenses = Savings, But as per Sir Warren Buffet, It has to be like this way "Earnings - Savings = Expenses".

Youth, mostly spend their money on Expenses only i.e Expensive Smart Phones, Vehicles, Gadgets, Restaurants & soon they go broke financially.

In Investment, Whatever return we got on has a positive relation with Risk, In Simple words, More the Risk More Returns you will get & vice versa.

Below are the few options you should try for an Investment

PPF - Public Provident Fund

It is considered one of the best & secured long-term investment plans in India, Addition to this it's Tax-Free(EEE) also fully guaranteed by the Central Government of India.

You can deposit from 5K to 15K Per Year in a single installment or in monthly up to 12 installments. Min Lock-in Period is 15 years, but you can extend beyond it also, once maturity reaches.

Interest Rate: 8 to 9 %

Mutual Funds

A Mutual Fund is usually run by an asset management company(AMC) that brings together a group of people and invests their money in stocks, bonds, and other securities.

Mutual Funds also has one of the lowest lock-in periods i.e. 3 years for savings mutual funds as compared to 5 years of FD, ULIP's & PPF.

The biggest advantage of investing through a mutual fund is that it gives small investors access to professionally-managed, diversified portfolios of equities, bonds, and other securities, which would be quite difficult to create with a small amount of capital.

National Pension Scheme

A Person can invest during the period of his/ her employment at regular intervals.

Furthermore, it allows an investor to withdraw a percentage of the accumulated amount after retirement and the rest is invested in annuity.

The investor receives the remaining amount monthly as a pension post-retirement. Moreover, investment in NPS gives investors tax benefits up to Rs 1.5 lakh under section 80C and up to Rs 50,000 under section 80CCD.

IPO(Initial Public Offering)

It is the offering that the new companies invite the public, wherein they can sell the shares of the company before it gets listed on the stock market. Initially, the rates are low, so you should keep an eye on the prospective companies that might want to have their listings on the stock market soon.

Later on, once it gets listed the price of the share gets fluctuated, depending upon many conditions. IPO's has their set of risks associated that needs to be figured before you decide to invest.

ULIP(Unit Linked Insurance Plan)

One of the best investment options in India for long-term investors, It offers dual benefits of insurance & investment along with tax exemption.

But it arrives with the lockin period of 3-5 years. In this plan, part of the premium is used for insurance coverage, whereas the remaining premium is invested in market-linked instruments such as shares, bonds, etc.

Direct Equity/Share Purchase

Investing in share for the short term is risky, but if you plan for the long term(10-15) with proper analysis of share, it will be beneficial for you.

To invest in shares you will need a Demat Account, which nowadays you can easily open freely from firms such as Zerodha, upstox etc.

You can expect around 10-15% of return from the share market per year if you had invested with proper analysis.

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Manual Testing Impact on Banking Sector

Manual Testing is part of Software Testing, where we manually test the software without any intervention of automated tools and scripts. It's like manually testing each module & functionality of the software.

There are different types of testing involved in Manual Testing

1) Smoke Testing

2) Regression

3) Performance Testing

4) Security Testing

5) Usability Testing ....etc

You may refer to the below figure for more:

Banking Sector is widely using this testing type to test their banking systems, they do use automation also but still, there are a few aspects that can't be automated & they need manual intervention there.

The banking sector has a variety of Softwares to test, which includes,

1) Core Banking System

2) Customer Relationship Management System

3) Database

4) web portals...etc

Evolution of Manual Testing over the years:

Manual testing has there root in the technology from back in the 1980s, Initially in that era testing was used to carry out in Waterfall Methodology, where progress is steadily downwards, From there, they take the leap on to the Bulky Automation tools for the testing which mostly includes Open source frameworks & Robust automation tools.

With this robust approach, testing has been migrated from Waterfall to Agile one, which led to the faster defect-free release.

But even though the process was faster, the quality was not much achieved due to the user's behavior toward your software/system, you can't automate that look and feel of the system & thus the manual need comes.

Even in the Banking Sector, initially, there was no role for Tester, Developers used to code & themselves test the same, but as time goes organizations realize it's not possible to test our own code from all perspectives, this leads to the importance of Tester in Banking Sector.

Below is the few importance of Manual Testing:

1) Testing is done from a human point of view:

     Humans can easily identify when something is not right. Automated test scripts are not designed to catch these user-friendly issues. When tester associates with software as a user would, they're able to discover usability issues and UI glitches.

2) Manual Testing increases the area of observation and alteration:

    Automated tests only perform the actions that you program them to. They require planning and devising to write, which restricts the test to certain boundaries. These limits mean there isn’t any room to wander from the written test to truly “explore” the application. Exploratory testing allows cutting in our path throughout the test with little to no boundaries.

3) Manual Testing provides a more accurate result:
    Just like code can have bugs at times, similarly, automated test scripts may have bugs. This means that automated testing can report false positives and false negatives. By including a human touch throughout the testing process, these errors can be avoided, and the outcome of the progress can be improved.

4) Better Understand the problem with Manual Testing:
    Automated testing can save time. It is great for getting quick results on a broad level, but manual testing allows and helps us to understand the problem on a conceptual and emotional level. It connects us with the end-user and brings in a sense of empathy that automated testing doesn’t provide.

The list goes on................

Even in the initial period, Testers used to test the Front end with the usability parameters only, as the evolution enlarges testers used to test other functional parameters as well which includes Functionality Testing, Database Testing, API Testing, etc.

Conclusion:

Even if automation has taken over the major share of the testing, We will still in the need of Manual Testing, Not more but not less also. Even giant sectors such as banking are still thriving for Manual Testing along with other tech giants.

So, Keep Calm & Continue Manual Testing ;) 

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20 Well Known Alliances/Organizations You Should Be Aware Of

Nowadays, Alliances are a must for the nations whether no matter how resourceful & powerful internally intact they are, No country can single-handled manage to rose to the power has its influence all over the world & meet the demands of their own people.

The weakness of one country is fulfilled by the strength of the other nation. The same goes with the resources while one will be lacking the other will have it in abundance so that the Trade that goes between them satisfies each other nations' requirements in a fruitful manner. 

Some create alliances for the sake of empowerment, innovation & growth sector. while few create to have their dominance across the world.

Below are the few well know alliances & organizations you must be aware of:

1) NATO

Name: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
No of Countries Involved: 29 (Including USA,UK, Canada etc)
Formed in: 1949  

 

Purpose: 

It is the military alliance formed as a counter to the Soviet army, with the basic idea that an armed attack on one member means an attack on all of them. 

   

2) BRICS

Name: Abbreviates for Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa

No of Countries Involved: 5 

Formed In: 2001 (without south Africa)

 

Purpose: 

BRICS started off with the notion that the economies of these 5 countries would dominate global growth by 2050.

3) Five Eyes

Name: As mentioned "Five Eyes"

No of Countries Involved: 5 (Australia, UK, US, Canada & New Zealand)

Formed In: 1946

Purpose: 

It is an alliance for intelligence sharing formed after world war 2 as the cold war started to intensify.

4) OIC

Name: Organization of Islamic Cooperation

No of Countries Involved: 56 (Including Afghanistan, UAE, etc)

Formed In: 1969

Purpose: 

It aims at promoting Islamic Solidarity & has introduced projects like international Islamic news agencies & Islamic solidarity fund.

5) OPEC

Name: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

No of Countries Involved: 13 (Including Kuwait, Nigeria,etc)

Formed In: 1960

Purpose: 

OPEC is the cartel aiming to manage Oil supply and set Oil prices globally, currently adapting through a coalition with Russia and other countries.

6) ASEAN

Name: Association of Southeast Asian Nations

No of Countries Involved: 10 (Including Singapore,Malaysia, Thailand, etc)

Formed In: 1967

Purpose: 

Its purpose is to promote economic growth and trade amongst these countries.

7) AUKUS

Name: Abbreviation for Australia UK & USA

No of Countries Involved: 3

Formed In: 2021

Purpose: 

It recently began with Australia receiving nuclear-powered submarines from US & UK.

8) UN

Name: United Nations 

No of Countries Involved: 193

Formed In: 1945(After World War II)

Purpose: 

It aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations achieve international cooperation, and harmonize the actions of each member nation. It is the world's Largest & Familiar Organization.

9) SAARC

Name: South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation

No of Countries Involved: 8

Formed In: 1985

Purpose: 

The organization promotes the development of economic and regional integration. It Maintains permanent diplomatic relations at the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with multilateral entities including European Union.

10) CommonWealth

Name: Common Wealth of Nations

No of Countries Involved: 54

Formed In: 1931

Purpose: 

It is a political association, almost all members are former territories of the British empire. It is an institution that promotes world peace, promotion of representative democracy, individual liberty, the pursuit of equality, opposition to racism, fights against poverty & free trade.  

11) WHO

Name: World Heath Organizations

No of Countries Involved: 194

Formed In: 1948

Purpose: 

A specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for International Public Health. Maine Objective is to "Accomplish all peoples by the Highest Possible Level of Health".

12) IMF

Name: International Monetary Fund

No of Countries Involved: 190

Formed In: 1945

Purpose: 

An International Financial Institution, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability & promote high employment, sustainable economic growth & reduce poverty around the world. It is one of the child organizations of the United Nations.

13) World Bank

Name: The World Bank 

No of Countries Involved: 189

Formed In: 1944

Purpose: 

An International Financial Institution is more likely as "IMF" but its core purpose is to provide loans & grants to the government of the low & middle-income countries for pursuing capital projects.

14) EU

Name: The European Union

No of Countries Involved: 27

Formed In: 1951

Purpose: 

It is a Political & Economic union of 27 Europea Countries. EU aims to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services & capital within the internal market and Maintain common policies on Trade, Agriculture, Fisheries & Regional Development.

15) G20

Name: The Group of 20

No of Countries Involved: 19 & EU

Formed In: 1999

Purpose: 

It is an Inter-Governmental forum. It works to address major issues related to the global economy such as International Financial Stability, Climate Change Mitigation & Sustainable Development. 

The G20 is mostly composed of the world's largest economies including both industrialized and developing nations.

16) IAEA

Name: International Atomic Energy Agency 

No of Countries Involved: 173

Formed In: 1957

Purpose: 

An International Organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of Nuclear Energy & to discourage the use of any military purpose including Nuclear Weapons.

17) IOC

Name: International Olympic Commitee

No of Countries Involved: 102

Formed In: 1894

Purpose: 

One of the oldest Non-Governmental International  Sport Organizations. It has the authority for organizing the modern Summer & Winter Olympic Games across the world. The IOC is the governing body of the National Olympic Committees and of the Worldwide "Olympic Movement". the IOC's term for all entities and individuals involved in the Olympic Games.

18) INTERPOL

Name: International Criminal Police Organization

No of Countries Involved: 194

Formed In: 1923

Purpose: 

One of the An International organizations that facilitate worldwide police cooperation and crime control. It is the world's largest International Police     Organisation with 7 regional bureaus worldwide and a National Central bureau in all 194 member countries.

19) UNESCO

Name: The United Nations, Education, Scientific, Cultural Organization

No of Countries Involved: 193

Formed In: 1945

Purpose: 

A Specialized agency of the United Nations aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in Education, Arts, Science & Culture. All Members of UNESCO are partners in the Non-Governmental, Intergovernmental & Private sectors.

20) ICJ

Name: The International Court of Justice

No of Countries Involved: 193

Formed In: 1945

Purpose: 

A World Court is also one of the six principal organs of the United Nations. It settles disputes between states in accordance with international law & gives advisory opinions on international legal issues.

End Thoughts:

Do let me know in the comment section according to you which is the most Vital Organization among these & If I had missed out on something Important Organization.

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8 Food Items You Won't Believe Invented Accidentally

Sometimes, To discover something people have to spend their whole life on research & in few cases they can't even reach close to their respective discovery. 

Some scientists have even left their happy life & family for the so called obsession with Inventions.

Few of them even reached the peak point of death, one of the famous story is of a Cyanide scientist named Kochi Goldsmith M.P. Prasad, A scientist who wants to tell the world how the poison cyanide tastes like, 

after taking the gulp of the mixture he writes a below note & died instantly.

“Doctors, potassium cyanide. I have tasted it. It burns the tongue and tastes acrid. I have read in a novel how an avid reader kills himself. Just puts cyanide specks at the bottom of the pages and flips through them with his fingers using moisture from his tongue. Now I know you can kill a person without leaving a trace of suspicion".

Below is the list of few Food Items that are invented accidentally by their creators:

1) Tomato Ketchup

The Tomato Ketchup we ate today is the modified version of the actual ketchup recipe. You can trace back the recipe of ketchup in the late 17th century in china, where Chinese people mixed pickled fish with spices calling it a Brine of Pickled Fish, Soon on the western side people used Mushrooms instead of Fish. The main ingredient of tomato ketchup has it's called "Anchovies" which hints back to its relation to Chinese Pickled Fish.

2) Potato Chips

There are many claims of the legends behind the invention of potato chips, the most acclaim is potato chips are invented by the chef for the customer who hates french fries because of the thickness it has so technically speaking Potato chips are the extension of the fries as both has the common core as potato.

Back in 1853 in the USA, when a customer complained about the thickness of the fries, the chef cooked thinner fries but the customer ultimately complains again, So for the next time, he makes it paper-thin & troubled customer finally loves it & soon the popularity of this Thin French Fries aka Potato Chips widespread across the globe & every grocery shop is incomplete without it.

3) Sandwich

John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, was one of the prominent figures of the British regime & holds several core military & political office, yet he is best known for inventing sandwiches. He was fond of gambling & the story goes while he was playing cards he did not want to leave the gambling table to eat. So he order his chef to serve him a "roast beef placed between two slices of bread" so he could eat with his hands, Thus the Perfect Food for busy modern life aka Sandwich is invented.

4) Popsicle (Ice Cream with a Wooden Stick)

11 yr old Frank Epperson from san Francisco wants to drink a homemade soda drink, So he made a soda drink in a jar bowl with a stirring stick in it. while doing so he left the bowl outside the window & the next day when he went to see the jar bowl it had became a frozen solid so he licked it & found it a sugary treat, thus light went on his head. It wasn't until 17 years he served his frozen lollipops to the public & even filed for a patent & sold it to a California amusement park.  

5) Chocolate Chip Cookies 

Well, this food item came about totally on purpose, Ruth Graves Wakefield & Chef Sue Brides came up with the cookie idea accidentally in 1938 when they wanted to see what would happen if they mix some of their Nestle Chocolate in with the Cookie Flour. The expectation was the chocolate should melt, but contradictory to their expectations chocolate actually kept its shape. Hence World gets it one of the best chocolate items known as Chocolate Chip Cookies.

6) Nachos

Nachos get their name from the chef who invented it "Ignacio Nacho Anaya" He worked at a restaurant called Victory Club near Texas which is close to the Mexico-USA border. One day group of female army officers went to a restaurant to have something to eat but the restaurant is near to closing for the day, But chef Nacho decided to still make something out of the remaining ingredients, so he mix up some Tortillas(round-shaped bread made with eggs & flour) into triangle shape & sprinkle them with cheese & peppers & heated them quickly to melt the cheese. Soon the dish was smashing hit & initially known as "Nachos Especiales" 

7) Yogurt

Another Food Product invented spontaneously is "Yogurt". Cattlemen from central Asia are responsible for this invention, some cattlemen stored milk in a place having plentiful bacteria without knowing it. Apparently, Milk got Fermented & changed into a thicker texture along with Flavor Change. Well, few herders feel scared to taste, but one herder dared to come forward & taste the same & by god's grace noting bad happened to him. Soon other herders also started eating it. Thus Yogurt is Invented.

8) Coca Cola

John Pemberton, A Pharmacist created a wine called "French Wine Coca" which was initially used as a remedy for Severe Pains & Headaches & had only two core ingredients in it i.e Coca Leaves & Cola Nuts. 

But in 1886 a New Law Prohibits the use of Wine as it contains Alcohol.

So John decided to change the Manual so that he can remove the alcohol from the Wine. One thing he didn't change in the ingredient is the Cola Nut that gave the wine its trademark flavor. While doing so he accidentally mixed the Cola Syrup with soda instead of water, Hence John's cola aka Coca Cola Invented. 

End Thoughts:

It's strange that many Inventions which we can't expect our Modern life without is invented accidentally. Do let me know in the comment section which invention you find strange & can't live your life without it.

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